Biodiversity is the material basis of human survival. China attaches great importance to biodiversity conservation and is leading the global implementation of the "Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework" to strengthen global biodiversity conservation, which has opened a new era for the global biodiversity conservation and governance. Based on the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation in China, in this paper, the problems and challenges faced by biodiversity conservation in China were systematically analyzed. Meanwhile, it summarized the existing problems in the level of biodiversity mainstreaming, the threats of biodiversity loss, governance capacity, and the ability to lead global governance of biodiversity. Proposals on China's biodiversity conversation in the new era were made, such as accelerating the improvement of biodiversity conservation and social action systems, promoting ecological protection, restoration and supervision synergistically, establishing long-term investigation, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, continually pushing forward the modernization of biodiversity governance and continuing to lead the global biodiversity governance.

With the aim to safeguard the authenticity and integrity of ecosystems, remarkable outcomes have been made for China's national parks. However, scholars pointed out issues and challenges existed, including inadequate spatial integrity, limited scope for development, and the inevitable conflict between human activities and environmental preservation. In this study, cases of national parks with distinct natural ecological characteristics and socio-economic backgrounds from different areas in the United States, Canada, and France were reviewed. Meanwhile, it investigated various models of ecological conservation employed by these countries' national parks, including wilderness preservation and ecological integrity conservation influenced by the concept of wilderness, as well as human-land symbiotic system protection guided by the theory of "ecological solidarity". The objectives, theoretical foundations, protection strategies, and techniques employed in different modes are summarized comprehensively. Based on the analysis of the background, distinctive features, and relevant experiences of national park ecological conservation models in various countries, in the study, it put forward a set of recommendations for priority actions in three key dimensions: theoretical exploration, practice of balancing protection and development, and construction of ecological protection governance system.

Rapid changes in human activities have led to a dramatic decline in global biodiversity. As a critical type of protected area, national parks play an irreplaceable role in biodiversity conservation. China's first batch of national parks have strengthened biodiversity conservation in national parks through pathways, such as building an intelligent management system, formulating a green development framework based on ecological compensation and concessions, enriching the content and means of publicity and education, multisectoral co-operation and co-construction, and supplementing legal norms. However, there are also many challenges, such as inadequate management system, insufficient binding effect of existing control measures on human activities, difficulty in rapid restoration of vegetation cover in the abandoned land of historical mines, threat of invasive species by outsiders, and global warming. In order to cope with the above problems, recommendations are made to strengthen the scientific research on biodiversity conservation in national parks at the levels of genetics, species and ecosystem diversity; to take into account the demands of biodiversity conservation and relevant stakeholders, and formulate a scientific, feasible and flexible control system; to strengthen the policy guarantee system in the areas of laws, funds and personnel, and to establish a system of evaluating the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation that can be applied to multiple types of national parks, so as to ensure the effectiveness of national parks' biodiversity conservation. The Government should also strengthen the policy guarantee system in terms of law, funding and personnel, and establish an evaluation system for the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation applicable to many types of national parks, so as to ensure the long-term and stable development of biodiversity conservation in national parks.

Currently, China is vigorously promoting the establishment of the system of protected areas with national parks as the main body. In addition to safeguarding the integrity and authenticity of the ecosystem, protecting and restoring rare and endangered species and their habitats, and maintaining and enhancing ecosystem services, national parks also play a crucial role in mitigating climate change and facilitating China's "carbon neutrality" goals. With the strategic objective of achieving carbon neutrality, it is crucial to prioritize the construction, management, and utilization of national parks as carbon reservoirs. However, comparing with relevant international studies, research on national parks' contribution to climate change mitigation and adaptation and their role in attaining carbon neutrality is still at an early stage in China. Climate change poses various potential impacts on national parks, including altering land use patterns, compromising ecosystem integrity, affecting species and their habitats, and intensifying climate extremes. Therefore, in this paper, measures and recommendations for the establishment and management of national parks in China within the framework of carbon neutrality goals are proposed: (1) exploring collaborative mechanisms and pathways for managing both the development of national park system and climate change; (2) enhancing the construction and monitoring of protected areas with national parks as the main body amidst changing climatic conditions; (3) strengthening supervision over carbon emission reduction initiatives within protected areas such as national parks; (4) further investigating "nature-based solutions" to formulate comprehensive action plans.

Given the exponential growth of the global population and the advancements in socio-economic development, ecological security has emerged as a pivotal factor for both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development strategies. Thus, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the relationship among ecological security, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development, as well as the future directions of ecological security research. Due to the lack of clearly defined ecological security assessment systems and evaluation factors, reconciling diverse conservation objectives within intricate ecosystems poses a formidable challenge, resulting in substantial disparities between anticipated and actual ecological security assessments. To address these challenges, the integration of research strategies focusing on ecological sensitivity, vulnerability, and importance is proposed to be included into the assessment of ecological security. This approach aims to enhance the clarity of conservation entities and targets, improve the timeliness of ecological security evaluations, and strengthen risk assessment and management by establishing close links with complex ecosystem processes. Furthermore, this research critically examines the current research methods and presents future prospects for investigation in terms of improving the selection of indices and evaluation methods for ecological security. It aims to overcome traditional approaches by comprehensively considering the roles and functions of ecological sensitivity, ecological vulnerability, and ecological importance. Additionally, it seeks to predict spatial trends in ecological security by incorporating various future scenarios. This aims to provide practical decision-making references for the conservation of biodiversity and the promotion of sustainable development.

The concept of public welfare for all people, one of the three core concepts of China's national parks construction, is of great significance for the high-quality construction of the world’s largest national park system. Although the concept has been frequently mentioned in relevant government documents, there is still a lack of specific operational guidelines and institutional safeguards in practice, resulting in poor realization of the concept. Based on the analysis of the current situation and the problems and challenges facing the realization of public welfare for all in China's national parks, this paper draws on the successful experiences of other countries in promoting the construction of national parks for public welfare, and puts forward policy recommendations to promote the realization of public welfare for all in China's national parks from four aspects: strengthening the construction of laws and systems, deepening the institutional mechanism for public participation, improving the concession system, and optimizing the services of nature education and ecotourism.