28 April 2021, Volume 39 Issue 8

    

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Think Tank
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  Characteristics of US marine science and technology policy and its enlightenment to China

  CHEN Ning, ZHAO Lu

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(8): 9-16. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.08.001

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  The 21st century is the century of the ocean, and the prosperity and the decline of a country are very much related to the ocean. With a review of the marine science and technology policy of the United States since the Cold War, it is found that this policy has the characteristics of systematic coordination, wide coverage and prominent emphasis. In contrast, the development of China's marine science and technology policy and the marine development are not in very good shape, with a decentralized management system, the insufficient innovation and achievement and transformation capacity, with only a single channel of the fund input, the inadequate marine talent training, and the imperfect priority research plan. In order to realize the dream of becoming a powerful ocean country, we should strengthen the ability of the overall planning and the coordination in the policy formulation of the marine science and technology; improve the ability of the independent innovation and the conversion rate of the scientific and technological achievements; pay attention to the establishment of the multi-channel financing mechanism, the lifelong marine education and the high-end talent training; improve the priority research plans and strengthen the marine ecological and environmental protection.
Exclusive: Actively respond to the aging and promote the construction of livable cities
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  Aging-friendly communities and active aging: Theoretical framework and practical development

  ZHOU Peiling, LI Yue

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(8): 17-25. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.08.002

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  The theoretical and practical development of the age-friendly communities is based on the concept of the active aging, which is used as a conceptual framework to understand the development of the age-friendly communities. Combining the theoretical framework and the practical cases in different countries, it is shown that the practical development of the age-friendly community experiences a transition from an "institutionalized" elderly care center to a "de-institutionalized" elderly care community, and then to the "aging in the place". The axiology of the age-friendly community studies also undergoes a shift from providing the instrumental supports for the elderly by the physically built environment to providing both instrumental and social emotional supports by a physically and socially built environment. This process gradually involves the inter-departmental cooperation. The age-friendly community studies based on the active aging concept provide both the scientific evidence and the practical implements for the construction of the age-friendly community in the rapid aging trend in China.
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  Review of studies of influences of life-space mobility of the elderly

  DONG Wei, CHEN Saiyi, DONG Yu

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(8): 26-35. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.08.003

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  The life space mobility of the elderly is an important characteristic of their active life state in daily life. In view of the concept of the "active aging", the life space mobility of the elderly is of great significance. This paper reviews the studies of the elderly life space mobility on the basis of the concept, the measurement methods, and the influences of the physical environment factors and the immaterial environment factors. The strategies of the environmental planning, the micro environmental design and the policy culture support should be refined to effectively support the elderly life-space mobility. Some research suggestions and the development directions are proposed, for the future urban planning implementation and the active intervention on the healthy aging.
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  Daily activities and health behavior of the elderly migrants

  ZHOU Suhong, SONG Jiangyu, WEN Ping

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(8): 36-43. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.08.004

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  In the context of China's aging and family-oriented migration, the elderly migrants have formed a group that needs a special academic attention. Their daily activities, especially, the social interaction and the health behaviors, are important aspects that affect their physical and mental health. Based on a literature review, the elderly migration may be divided into three types:the migration for work, the migration for leisure and vocation, and the migration for children. The influence framework of different types of the elderly migrants is obtained based on their daily activities. Measures are proposed to cope with various challenges, for example, differentiating the management for different types of the elderly, optimizing their daily mobility and shaping a friendly activity environment.
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  Construction of friendly environments from a perspective of active aging

  SUN Zhongfeng, ZHU Xialin, SHAN Xizhang

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(8): 44-51. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.08.005

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  The active aging becomes a theory, a policy and a development strategy to deal with the aging problem. The construction of a friendly environment for the elderly is the basis of actively dealing with the aging population. This paper makes a theoretical research of the active aging and the friendly environment for the elderly, with consideration of the current deficiencies in the policy, as well as the personal living environment, and the social and cultural environment in the construction of a friendly environment for the elderly, and it is found that there are many outstanding problems between the demand and the supply of the elderly care services. Therefore, from the perspective of the active aging, the policy system for the elderly should be improved and the friendly environment should be optimized; a friendly space and material environment for the elderly should be created in all aspects; the construction of a humanistic environment for the elderly should be accelerated to create a cultural atmosphere for the elderly.
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  The residential public space in high level of intelligence for elderly home-based care

  ZHANG Yu, FANG Jiaxi

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(8): 52-59. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.08.006

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  In China, the home-based care is the main mode of the elderly care, and there is a huge demand for the elderly residential space. The rapid development of information technology provides a technical support for the optimization of the elderly residential space, and the Smart Residence becomes an inevitable trend for the optimization and the upgrading of the elderly residential environment. This paper reviews the studies of the development of the elderly residential space, suggests that there are three trends of the intelligent development of the residential public space, with the construction strategy from three aspects:The smart maintenance to protect the health of the residents, the smart interaction to improve the life quality of the residents, and the smart ecology to create a friendly environment. Some case studies are made.
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  The design strategy of urban elderly care buildings based on the concept of green building

  WANG Bo, WEN Hua, YANG Xinchun, LIAO Fangwei

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(8): 60-67. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.08.007

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  The aging of the population becomes an important issue for the socio-economic development in various countries and regions in the world, and China makes an active response to this problem in the level of the national strategy. This paper reviews the problems of the aging of the population in China and the development trend of the urban elderly care building design, along with the design experience and the main methods of the urban elderly care buildings in typical foreign countries, in response to the new requirements of the active aging with respect to the design of the urban elderly care buildings in China, based on the concept of the green buildings. The design strategy of the urban elderly care buildings is proposed from the aspects of optimizing the layout of the green space, and adopting the green technology and the green smart operation.
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  Design of natural and friendly biological building for the aged

  HAN Linfei, XIAO Chunyao

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(8): 68-76. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.08.008

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  This paper addresses the problems of insufficient natural landscape, monotonic space style and inadequate construction of facilities for the elderly in the current pension buildings, and under the policy background of the active aging, proposes the concept of building a natural and friendly biological pension building. Based on the positive effects of the pro biological activities on the physical, psychological and social aspects of the elderly, this paper reviews the pro biological design elements in the space of pension buildings, focusing on the methods and the strategies of the future pension building space design, along with related cases. It is suggested that we should build natural and friendly old-age care buildings by embedding the biological landscape and the micro agricultural transformation, to create a nature interior space, with facilities for the elderly and to improve the quality of life for the elderly.
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  The promotion and the impact of the renewal of the built environment for the active aging in the neighborhood scale

  LI Jing, LIU Xinning, ZHANG Hao

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(8): 77-85. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.08.009

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  The built environment is shown to be an important factor affecting the active aging. Due to the decline of the physical functions of the elderly, the range of activities is narrowed in a small area of the neighborhood scale, as their most frequented places. Based on a review of the related documents, this paper establishes an interactive relationship between the built environment of the neighborhood and the active aging in three aspects:The walking environment, the public service facilities and the elderly platforms. It is shown that in the renewal construction of the neighborhood environment, it is desirable to build a pedestrian network of different circles and age groups; to set up a variety of public service facilities in line with the pedestrian network; to create a platform for the elderly to integrate into the social affairs, as well as to formulate suitable policies for the elderly to be integrated into the community.
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  Practice of health aging in place

  CHENG Yang

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(8): 86-93. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.08.010

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  Based on the framework of the active aging, the World Health Organization has put forward an action plan for healthy aging. This paper explains the concepts of the successful aging, the active aging and the healthy aging. This paper reviews the application of the concepts of the place, the sense of the place and the therapeutic landscape in the study of the experiences and the meanings of the aging process from the perspective of the health geography, and identifies the transformations of the theoretical ideas from the aging in the place to the aging in the right place. This paper also reviews the policy practice of the healthy aging, as well as the practice of the aging in the right place in communities and the residential care facilities. In the summary and the discussions, it is shown that the aging in the place is a choice for the majority of the elderly in China, and the residential care as an option for the aging in the right place provides a supplement for the aging in the place. There is still a gap between the practice and the theory of the healthy aging. It is suggested that the top-level design should be combined with the local practice to promote the healthy aging.
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  Behavioral variables and its mediating effects in the studies of the impact of the built environment on the health: Case study of the healthy behavior of the older residents in Shanghai communities

  YU Yifan, LIU Xuhui

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(8): 94-101. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.08.011

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  The impacts of the built environment on the public health might be difficult to be confirmed, as they are affected by a long exposure time, with various influencing factors, which are hard to be measured. In order to establish an intuitive correlation between the built environment and the public health, this study takes the healthy behavior as the mediator variable. According to the physical and mental health status of elderly people(N=3431) from 115 communities in Shanghai, we take 6 ranges of the built environment factors to construct a mediating effect analysis model with the physical activity and the social activity as the mediator variables. The built environment factors are the density, the design, the housing, the green space, the public facilities and the location. It is found that the physical activity and the social activity are effective mediators, and the mediating effects of the healthy behaviors are shown to more clearly reveal the extent and the direction of the impact of the built environment on the elders' health condition. Based on the practice, the behavioral variables' adjustment directions of the health outcome are similar, but the degree of the adjustment is different among the different neighborhoods. For the high-density human settlement in megacities represented by Shanghai, the optimization of the quality of the built environment for promoting the social activities has a more significant impact on the health of the elderly.
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  Non-linear effects of the built environment on elderly's active travel: An extreme gradient boosting approach

  LIU Jixiang, XIAO Longzhu, WANG Bo

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(8): 102-111. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.08.012

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  The active travel (including walking and cycling) is closely related with elderly's mobility, physical and mental health, and quality of life. Hence, it is of great importance for urban and transportation planners and practitioners to examine the impacts of the built environment on elderly's active travel. Among the rich research findings, the existing research tends to focus on the built environment surrounding the living space (usually the departure place) of the elderly, while ignoring the built environment surrounding the destinations. Moreover, in prior studies, the associations between the built environment and the elderly's active travel are oftentimes assumed to be linear or log-linear. Against this backdrop, this study, taking Xiamen as an example, utilizes one of the latest machine learning method, i.e., the Extreme Gradient Boosting Decision Tree model (XGBoost) to disentangle the complex non-linear relationships between the built environment surrounding both departure places and destinations and elderly's active travel. It is found that (1) the trip distance is the most important factor that impacts elderly's propensity of the active travel; (2) the collective relative importance of the built environment variables is much higher than that of the socio-economic variables; (3) obviously, the associations between all built environment variables and elderly's active travel are non-linear and there exist "threshold" effects; (4) for some built environment variables, their impacts on elderly's active travel differ between the departure places and the destinations, while for the others, they are very similar. This study can provide a knowledge base and rich policy implications for the urban and transportation development and planning in China in the era of aging population.
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  The development of the science and technology of old age care in China from the perspective of supply and demand

  HUANG Lucheng, HAO Yali, MIAO Hong

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(8): 112-121. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.08.013

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  The exploration of the technology for the old age care from the perspective of the technology and the market can provide a theoretical support for the effective layout of the technology in the future and rely on technological innovation to deal with the aging problem. First of all, from the perspective of the technology, using Incopat patent database as the data source, using the S-curve method to determine the technology life cycle, and on this basis, using Atot to build a dynamic evolution model of the theme, to study the development status of China's old age care technology; secondly, from the perspective of the market, using the text mining to identify hot topics of the knowledge data, to determine the development trend of old age care technology; finally, from the perspective of the technology and the market, this paper analyzes the existing problems in its development, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions. China's old age care technology is in the growth period of the technology development; the technology and the development are mainly focused on the mobile devices, the action assistance, the home and the nursing; from the perspective of the technology and the market, it is found that the investment in the home technology and development is relatively small, but the demand is high, and the future enterprises should pay special attention to the home technology, and make a proper technology layout.
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  Concept of sub-elderly and its significance

  WANG Yupeng, WANG Ping

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(8): 122-127. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.08.014

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  The medical and health related expenditures related to the aging is a huge burden on the country and the society. The geriatrics gradually becomes a hot spot in the clinical medicine. The core problem in the gerontology and the geriatrics is the senescence, along with related issues. But, the senescence starts actually as early as just after the human sexual maturity. Geriatrics deals with the secondary stage of senescence. If the assessment and the intervention of senescence-related issues can be carried out at a younger age, the senescence process will be delayed, the healthy life span will be extended, and the burden of the aging can be reduced. At the same time, the rapid growth of the elderly chronic diseases, such as the hypertension, the coronary heart disease and the diabetes, happens often in the middle-aged stage. Only by strengthening the comprehensive prevention and control of these diseases as early as possible can we control the progress and complications of these diseases in the long run and effectively reduce the burden of the whole society. Therefore, we might call the population of 45~59 years old the sub-elderly group. For this part of the population, it is important to adopt the method of the comprehensive geriatric assessment, to establish a sub-elderly health evaluation system, and to carry out systematic interventions.
Review
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  Progress and prospects of studies of carbonate rock facies

  LI Fengfeng, GUO Rui, YU Yichang

  Science & Technology Review. 2021, 39(8): 128-140. https://doi.org/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2021.08.015

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  This paper reviews the studies of carbonate facies, and analyzes related problems and prospects. It is shown that the abroad studies mainly focus on the geographical distributions of the sedimentary rocks and the difference in the sedimentary energy in the facies belt in contrast with the domestic studies, which put the emphasis on the refinement of the facies and the lithofacies paleogeography. The studies of the reefs in the Sichuan Basin and the South China Sea made a great progress, with a better understanding of the reef formation environment, the controlling factors, the developmental mode and the characterization methods. The sedimentary models of the lacustrine carbonate rocks are diverse, and the sedimentary model of the microbial carbonate rocks is continuously improved. Significant progress is made in the spatial and temporal distributions, the developmental mechanisms, the controlling factors, the sediment characteristics and the geological significance of the cold water carbonate rocks. There are two methods to study the carbonate facies:the geological method and the geophysical method. The geological method includes the microfacies analysis, the experiment analysis, the biological facies and the geochemical methods while the geophysical method includes the mathematics-logging and seismic methods. However, the classification of the carbonate facies is not yet standardized. The method of the experimental analysis, the biological facies and the geochemical are less studied. The studies of the shoal architecture are few. The studies of the low energy environment are even fewer. It is concluded that the techniques tend to be a combination of qualitative and quantitative ones. The unconventional carbonate rocks such as the deep water and the cold water ones should be further studied. The principle of the facies controlling reservoirs is widely used, and the facies controlling modeling, the facies controlling diagenetic analysis, and the genetic classification, would effectively guide the carbonate reservoirs.