Over the last 40 years, high throughput experimentation has been demonstrated to be an effective approach to generate huge amount of material data in a short period of time, and it is now considered a key element of Materials Genome Initiative (MGI) to fulfill its promise to deliver materials of emerging importance with much faster paces and lower costs. In this article, the briefly history for high throughput materials synthesis and characterization is recalled. A series of representative techniques are reviewed, their limitations are identified, and the challenges and future trends are analyzed. In perspective, a facility consisting of in-situ real time materials processing, characterization and analysis based on synchrotron light sources or spallation neutron sources, as well as the original position statistic reflecting mapping technology for non-uniform materials are likely to play important role in the future generation high throughput material experimentation.

Based on integrated scientific expeditions to the Tibetan Plateau since the 1950s, this study analyzes the basic characteristics of the natural environment of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). It is shown that the TP is the highest in the three major landform ladders of China, with an average elevation of more than 4000 m above the sea level. Therefore, the TP is called the "roof of the world". The TP covers a vast land with a total area of 2.5×10⁶ km², accounting for a quarter of the total territory of China. Because of strong uplifting since the Neogene, the TP has unique natural environmental characteristics distinctive from other regions in the world, including the high landform, the cold climate, the strong solar radiation, numerous rivers and lakes, the extensive glacier and permafrost and the abundant biodiversity. Owing to its gigantic area, the TP also enjoys a great variety of the natural environment in its interior, with a certain regional differentiation regulation. According to the principle and the methodology of the physio-geographical regionalization of the plateau, the TP could be divided into 10 physio-geographical regions of similar terrains, climates, and vegetation types, which are the Guoluo-Naqu Plateau mountain alpine shrub-meadow region, the Southern Qinghai Plateau and wide valley alpine meadow-steppe region, the Qiangtang Plateau lake basin alpine steppe region, the Kunlun high mountain and plateau alpine desert region, the Western Sichuan and Eastern Xizang high mountain and deep valley coniferous forest region, the Qilian mountains of eastern Qinghai high mountain and basin coniferous forest and steppe region, the Southern Xizang high mountain and valley shrub-steppe region, the Qaidam Basin desert region, the North Kunlun mountain desert region, and the Ngali mountain desert region.

Materials research and development today still depends primarily on scientific intuitions, experiences, as well as trial-anderror experiments. This process is time-consuming and costly, and has increasingly become the bottleneck for technological and social advancement. In June 2011, President Obama of the United State announced Materials Genome Initiative (MGI) as part of Advanced Manufacturing Partnership, aiming to accelerate process from materials discovery, development, manufacturing, and deployment process and cut the cost at the same time by integrating computational materials design, high-throughput experimentation, and data management. China began to show great interest in more efficient materials research and development as early as June 1999 by organizing the 118th Xiangshan Science Forum on Integrated Combinatorial Approaches for Materials Discovery and Optimization. In December 2011, The S14 Xiangshan Science Forum on System Engineering in Materials Science was jointly sponsored by Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE), in response to the MGI. In addition, a series of conferences and forums were held across the nation from 2012 to 2014, to discuss MGI and China's strategy. A consensus has been reached among Chinese materials community including universities, industry, and research institutions. Both CAS and CAE submitted Strategic Consultation Report on Materials Genome to the State Council of China in 2014, respectively, proposing to launch China's Materials Genome Program as soon as possible. In this article, we introduce the basic concepts of MGI, review the global progress and trends, and make recommendations on the national policy, strategy and technological pathways of China's Materials Genome Program.

The Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) is one of the most important free international database, used widely in international disaster management and research community. This paper introduces the creation and characteristic of EM-DAT database, the criteria, type and content of the data contained at first, including the procedure and method, and some extant questions of this database. Secondly, the applications of the EM-DAT in The Hotspots Indexing Project (Hotspots) and The Disaster Risk Indexing Project (DRI) have been analyzed. Finally, this paper carried on preliminary research on the flood disaster characteristic in Asia during 1976-2005 years on the base of this database.

The paper presents a brief introduction to China's computer development and the related subject construction from the mid- 1950s. First, the paper systematically introduces the computer development history from the first generation computers using vacuum tubes to the transistor-based second generation, then to the small and medium-sized integrated circuit-based third generation, and finally to the microprocessors-based fourth generation. The domestically developed computer has made an important contribution to the national defense and scientific research, and promoted the development of computer industries. At present, many research directions of China's computer are in the forefront of the world, and some results have gained the international leading level. Meanwhile, the computer development in China presents a dynamic development trend. A series of new disciplines have been formed in China synchronously with the foreign developed countries. They are developing fast, and many of them have reached or even surpassed the international level. The paper focuses on the development of computer networks, computer security, databases, artificial intelligence, Chinese information processing, graphics & image processing, virtual reality, and human-computer interactions.

In 2023 the development of large generative AI models achieved a series of breakthroughs. This paper reviews the key technologies of large models that have received significant attention, including the emergent abilities of large language model(LLM), development of multimodal LLMs, as well as alignment and knowledge enhancement techniques of large models. The paper also introduces the vertical applications of generative AI in various fields such as healthcare and education, and its role in advancing the development of AI agents and metaverse technologies. Additionally, the challenges and developmental trends in generative AI are discussed, including issues related to data privacy, biased values, copyright disputes, and fake news propagation.

This paper starts from the perspective of pollution reduction and carbon emission reduction, and deeply analyzes the realistic foundation of China's green and low-carbon food production, the main problems faced, and proposes optimization paths. The paper points out that the guidance and support of national policies, the improvement of technological progress and innovation capabilities, and the transformation of market demand are key to promoting the green and low-carbon development of food production. However, there are also issues such as the need for further clarification of policies, the need to strengthen the awareness and ability of producers to reduce pollution and carbon emissions, and technological bottlenecks. To address these issues, the paper proposes optimization strategies including the formulation of a pollution and carbon reduction roadmap, the cultivation of producers' awareness, the strengthening of technological innovation and promotion, and the establishment of a green and low-carbon value realization mechanism. These measures aim to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the green and low-carbon transformation and sustainable development of food production.

The rapid development of deep learning raises a massive demand for computing power. However, traditional siliconbased chips based on the von Neumann architecture with physically separated memory and computing units, are facing critical issues such as the "memory wall", and hence the increase of chip computing power is gradually hitting a bottleneck. To address this problem, researchers have been inspired by the working mechanism of biological brain and proposed a computing-inmemory architecture based on memristors. This novel architecture is expected to achieve several orders of magnitude improvement in energy efficiency and speed over the von Neumann architecture for tasks such as artificial neural networks. It is one of the most promising technologies to achieve ultra-low power consumption and ultra-high computing power. This article first reviews the working mechanisms of various types of memristors, and summarizes the latest device research internationally. Then, the progress on application demonstrations of memristor-based computing-in-memory chips such as neural networks, signal processing, and machine learning are reviewed. The current challenges in this field and further research directions are concluded in the end.

This paper provides an overview of the current development status of hydrogen energy highway transportation, rail transit, shipbuilding, and aviation in China. It analyzes the comprehensive performance of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in China and points out that the challenges faced by Chinese hydrogen energy vehicles are mainly high costs of vehicles and fuel and insufficient refueling infrastructure. However, as China steps into the middle and late stage of urbanization, heavy-load transportation and special transportation with fixed routes provide opportunities for the development of hydrogen vehicles, and family passenger vehicles will become an important direction. Hydrogen energy rail transit will also play a role in areas where electrification is difficult. Ships and aircraft powered by hydrogen compounds will become the focus of shipbuilding and aviation industries. In the future, hydrogen energy transportation should improve planning, promote technological integration and innovation, develop new hydrogen energy transportation travel modes, build a sound policy system, and adopt carbon market mechanism to achieve a new leap.

进入90年代,人口增长的形势显得更加严峻。一方面,全国总人口已超过11亿,正逐步向12亿大关逼进,人口众多及持续增长的压力对经济、社会发展的冲击已越来越明显,人口与环境、人口与资源的紧张关系又达到一新的水平,控制人口增长的任务更加迫切;另一方面,造成80年代人口持续增长的诸多因素目前依然存在,甚至某些方面表现得更加突出。

In nature, there are many types of terrains on which traditional wheeled and tracked vehicles can not move, but mammals can freely. This has fully shown the advantages of the four legged moving method. Inspired by these animals, researchers have done much indepth study on quadruped robots, and have made substantial achievements. This paper reviews the development status of quadruped robots in domestic and abroad, summarizes the key technologies in this field, and points out the development tendency.

In response to the demand for smart ocean construction, a digital twin technology system and application directions for the ocean are proposed. Firstly, the current research and development status of smart ocean is systematically reviewed and analyzed. By studying the integration and application of new generation information technology and industrial technology, the concept and connotation of digital twin are elaborated, and the application scenarios of digital twin in marine scientific cognition,marine development and utilization, the full life cycle of marine equipment and the ocean governance decision-making are provided. Then, in response to the common needs of smart ocean construction and application, a six-dimensional ocean digital twin model architecture theory is proposed, which includes six basic elements: real ocean, digital ocean, interactive mapping,twin ocean data, twin ocean knowledge, and twin intelligent application. Finally, key technical issues and implementation paths for empowering the smart ocean with digital twins are proposed and explored. The aim is to provide some thinking and reference for the future development and deep application of smart oceans through the research of marine digital twin technology.

我国在降低生育率和死亡率,使人口发展与社会发展相协调方面取得了巨大的成就,但是由于社会、经济、文化条件的限制和巨大的人口惯性,我国当前在人口方面还面临着一系列问题和挑战。1、人口总量的持续增长当前中国妇女的总和生育率已接近更替水平,但是由于巨大的人口基数和60年代生育高峰出生的大量妇女正不断涌入育龄期,所以我国人口总量一直以较高的速度增长。80年代后期,我国的出生率和自然增长率仍分别高达21‰和14‰,每年出生人口约2400万,净增人口约1600万人。1991年年中,中国大陆地区的总人口已超过11.5亿。当前我国的人均耕地面积仅1.3亩,是世界平均水平的1/3;人均淡水量为2600吨,是世界平均水平的1/4;人均粮食产量仅383公斤。我们面临的是低生育率和高增长量的矛盾。如此巨大的和不断增长的人口对我国的自然资源和生态环境造成了巨大的压力,也给经济发展带来了很多困难。因此,除了减少妇女终身生育的子女数以外,还要大力提倡晚育和拉长生育间隔,以减轻第三次出生高峰造成的巨大人口压力。

科学的飞速发展和文化的缓慢变化发生了矛盾。百年来，中国对传统文化的主流观点曾经出现多次反复，至今缺乏系统的反思，成为当前学术界发挥科学创新潜力的一大障碍。本文从历史回顾和中外比较入手，提出当现代科学在欧洲产生时，中国曾坐失参与的良机；当试图引入西方科技时，又因为方向错误遭受失败，结果使得科学成为西方的特色和东方的弱点。东西方差异的根源在于大陆文明和海洋文明的不同属性，可以上溯到2000多年前古希腊和春秋列国的2大源头。当今世界上这2大文明的经济基础正在消失，新时代的科技发展必将产生新型的全球文明。呼吁从历史反思入手，重新认识中国传统文化，争当国际学术界铸造全球新文明的排头兵。

绳子从他的指间松脱,就像上面涂了油一样。林恩·罗克罗斯以一种缓慢、从容、优雅的姿态,沿着没有摩擦力的镜面滑了下去。"这是美国科幻作家杰弗里·A·兰迪斯的作品《镜中人》中的片段,该作品呈现了主人公在落入一个"零"摩擦的镜面大坑中后靠着智慧自我拯救的故事。"零"摩擦这样一个奇妙的假设曾勾起许多科幻爱好者的无限遐想,成为诸多科幻作品描写的要点。近20多年来,"零"摩擦不再仅仅是科幻界的宠儿,也成为了科学家研究的热点,是纳米技术时代一个横跨物理、化学、力学、材料、机械、精密制造等诸多传统学科的交叉研究领域。科学家用"超润滑"(superlubricity)来形容两个界面之间摩擦力几乎为零的状态,有关概念于1990年提出,经历了2004年和2012-2013年实验方面的两次突破,其中中国学者做出了重要贡献。超润滑这样一种奇妙现象的原理是什么?如何被实验证实?"零"摩擦在哪些领域可能导致技术的突破、或催生前所未有的新技术?未来的主要挑战有哪些?本文针对这些问题,力图带给读者一个较清晰且激动人心的答案,并触发更多的奇思妙想和深入研究。

New energy vehicles have developed rapidly in China in recent years, and have become the brightening point in the automobile fields for technology innovation and industry upgrade. Breakthroughs in the core technology have enhanced the performances of vehicle products, and the incentive policies in market penetration have promoted the industrialization process. In this paper, the technical progress in new energy vehicle researches and applications under the national research and development programs are reviewed, and research topics in the next five years are summarized as well.

The artificial intelligence chips (AI) chip is an important part of artificial intelligence technology. It is the hardware foundation of AI algorithm and the essential of the AI era. This paper analyzes the state of the art, characteristics, potential technical trends and marketing of AI chips, and forecasts the opportunities, challenges and future trends faced by AI chips.

This year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to three protein crystallographers, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath, for their studies of the structure and function of the ribosome. The high resolution ribosome structures not only provide us with deep and precise understanding of the molecular mechanism of in vivo protein synthesis, but also lay the foundation for structure-based novel antibiotics designs. Ada E. Yonath's persistent pioneering work for more than 10 years on ribosome crystallization has made it possible to conduct high resolution structural and functional studies in the whole field of ribosome.

Polyamide (PA) nucleating agents are used to improve the crystal structure, increase the crystallization rate, improve the physical-mechanical properties and shorten the forming period. The most common PA nucleating agents can be divided into two groups: inorganic nucleating agents and organic nucleating agents. Inorganic nucleating agents include clay (kaolin, MMT, terra-cotta and TALC etc.), oxide (nano-SiO2, nano-ZrO2, nano-TiO2, Nd2O3, MgO, ZnO crystal whisker etc.), and inorganic salts (nano-CaCO3, CaF2, MgSO4 crystal whisker etc.) , which are the earliest nucleating agents to be used. Inorganic nucleating agents have the advantages of being cheap, easy to obtain and easy to be used and they are heterogeneous in PA, and are not easy to disperse uniformly. Organic nucleating agents include low molecular compounds (such as amide, osphinate etc.) and polymer (polycarbonate, polyphenylene sulfide, carbon fiber etc.). The organics are easy to disperse in PA and enjoy good performances. Compound nucleating agents possess both the advantages of organic and inorganic nucleating agents. The synergistic effect is obvious with excellent performances. Therefore, the compound nucleating agents have a very promising future, but the nucleating mechanism and application require further studies.

Research in the area of soil ecology focuses on biodiversity and ecological functions of soil organisms,as well as the interactions of soil organisms with the environment.Here we summarize the main research directions and contents in soil ecology,introduce concurrent hot topics and research progress,and discuss research prospects.The research of soil ecology may help recognition and utilization of soil biological resources and provide scientific theories and technological support to cope with environmental changes,restore degraded ecosystems,and develop sustainable agriculture.

Lithium ion battery is widely used in new energy vehicles, given its high energy/power density, extended longevity, and environment friendliness. However, composed of hundreds of lithium ion cells, the battery system is very complex and subject to many safety constraints. Therefore, safety, durability and power output capability of lithium ion batteries must be well managed on board. It is essential for a battery management system (BMS) to guarantee that the lithium ion battery works within safe status, thereby ensuring safety, durability and power output capability of the lithium ion battery system. A typical BMS is composed of sensors, actuators, controllers, etc. The key technologies of the BMS include: sensor and signal synchronization, state estimation of cell and battery pack (state of charge-SOC, state of health-SOH, state of function-SOF, state of energy-SOE, and state of safety-SOS), cell variation identification and balancing, safe charging control, fault diagnosis, etc. Advanced BMS design requires systematic research of battery mechanism and long-time technological accumulation. Basically, performance tests and researches are essential to the characteristics and mechanisms of safety, durability and power output capability of lithium ion battery. Based on deep understanding of the battery performance, semi-empirical and empirical models can be established for cell and battery systems. Furthermore, model-based state estimation and performance optimization algorithms can be developed in BMS integration and design, and the battery system can thus safely work at its optimal status.

Wearable sensors are under a rapid development in recent years with various sensing functions, principles, and formats. They can be widely used in many aspects of daily life and industry. This paper introduces various wearable electronic sensors and their typical measurement approaches based on a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art commercial products and devices under exploration. The wearable sensors can be further categorized as the skin sensors, the indirect skin contact sensors, and the implantable sensors, as can be demonstrated by a large number of commercialized devices and laboratorial prototypes used in areas such as the daily health management, the healthcare, the sports science, the industry, and the military fields. This paper proposes a combination of the wearable sensing technology and the big data and the precision medicine for the long term dynamic information collection of both human bodies and environment. Highly integrated wearable sensors and the multi signal detection will be one of the future development trends for wearable sensors, but several challenges such as the energy supplies, the data security, and the establishment of the standards still require a further breakthrough. The development of the wearable sensor industry in China demands the support of the entire industrial chain. In completing the chain, wearable devices have important and persistent influence on the economic and social development in China.

RRoewe 550 plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is designed and developed by Shanghai E-Propulsion Auto Technology Co., Ltd (SEAT). Since its debut in early 2014 the supply has always been inadequate to the blooming market demand, thanks to its excellent demonstrated performance and reliability. An indepth analysis of the electric drive unit (EDU), which is the core technology of Roewe 550 PHEV, is presented in terms of vehicle energy economy and dynamic performance. The benchmark by THS of Prius III is used in the theoretical analysis and simulation. The authors hope that this article can provide the reader with some insights into Roewe 550 PHEV.

研究生生活结束在即，回头看看，曾经的迷茫与失落，曾经的忙碌与所得，一切都恍然如梦。这3 年，我成长了许多，也收获了许多，不仅在学习上，还有思想和行动上。

In recent years, great attention was paid to the Pickering emulsion in the field of new chemical materials and catalytic materials due to its unique interfacial particle layer and stimuli-responsiveness. In this paper, the stabilization mechanism of the Pickering emulsion is reviewed. Three key factors are identified:the interfacial tension, the triple-phase contact angle, and the particle grain size. The influential factors of the Pickering emulsion stability are comprehensively discussed, including the wettability of particles, the particle concentration, the electrolyte in the aqueous phase, the aqueous pH, and the oil/water volume ratio, based on the mechanical barrier mechanism and the three-dimensional viscoelastic particle network mechanism.

Integrated development in the new era is an important part of high-quality development. Based on a comprehensive summary of the historical achievements and changes in the planning and construction of high-speed railway stations since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, this paper focuses on the strategic deployment of building a powerful transportation country, systematically analyzes the interactive mechanism and value orientation of the station-city integration, reveals the basic connotation and mode of the station-city integration. Focusing on the design problems such as the separation of station city space, the lack of urban functions, monotonous environment and low space utilization rate, this paper puts forward the construction strategy of the station-city integration to relieve the station-city development dilemma, reconstruct the order of station-city, release the vitality of city and seek the symbiosis of station-city, providing a solution to promote the high-quality coordinated development of high-speed railway stations and cities.

Of all the kinds of agro-meteorological disasters, drought is the main meteorological disaster affecting crop growth, the maximum damage to agricultural production. A trend of increasing drought in China has been observed due to the global warming. The paper reviews the latest progress in the drought indexes by remote sensing, combined with the characteristics of crop growth cycles, and compares the applicabilities of various drought indexes in different crop growth durations. It is concluded that the drought indexes which are closely related to the soil moisture index are suitable for the prophase of crop growth duration, such as the growth periods, in which the vegetation coverage is low, or not sealing ridge, or soil bareness. The vegetation morphological and physiological drought indexes are more suitable for the agricultural crop growth process, especially after the vegetation sealing ridge and other vegetation coverage higher periods. The applicability of any kindof comprehensive drought index is broad and can be improved to adapt to different crop growth durations, but a large number of parameters need to be calculated to ensure the accuracy, which limits theirs practical application.

Multiscale models and simulations play a significant role in the "Materials Genome Initiative". This article reviews computational methods at spatial scale from quantum to microscopy, mesoscopy, and macroscopy, and at temporal scale from picosecond to nanosecond, and microsecond. The corresponding techniques ranging from first- principles calculation to molecular dynamics, macroscopic thermodynamics/kinetics models and simulations, and finite element methods are introduced.

Quantum computer is the combination of quantum mechanics and computing problem. It is a hot research topic of recent years and receives much attention from the society. In this paper we briefly review the principle and development of quantum computer. First, we introduce quantum algorithms and computing models, and explain physical implementation of quantum computer by taking ion trap and superconducting circuit as examples. Then we introduce quantum codes used to overcome decoherence. We also discuss quantum supremacy with Boson sampling as example. As we look into the future of quantum computers, we think quantum supremacy may be demonstrated in a few years and then quantum simulators to solve special problems. As for universal quantum computer, however, it may still need a long time.

Explosion may lead to severe damage to buildings, even catastrophic collapse, consequently, loss of lives and property. Dynamic response and strengthening techniques of reinforce concrete structure under blast loads are one of the hot topics in structure safety. As one of the main bearing components of building structure, the damage of reinforced concrete beams may cause the collapse of the whole structure under blast loads. A comprehensive overview of research progress of dynamic response, failure modes and strengthening technology of reinforced concrete beams is presented, meanwhile, the research emphasis and main development trend are put forward.

Image quality assessment (IQA) is to measure the perceived image degradation while image aesthetic quality assessment (IAQA) is to automatically give a review of aesthetics of an image. The composition, color, illumination, depth of field, blurness, sharpness, etc. are analyzed by means of computer to analog the aesthetic perception and cognition of human beings. IAQA is a novel interdisciplinary field of computer aesthetics and computer vision, psychology, and virtual reality. IAQA can be used for photography, movie and television, ecommerce, fashion design, graphic design, document typesetting, industry design, automobile industry, architectural design, beauty makeup, etc. In this article, we give a brief history of IAQA. Then we review the methods based on hand-crafted aesthetic feature design, the methods based on deep aesthetic feature learning, new topics in IAQA, and dataset collection for IAQA. Finally, we give the future directions of IAQA.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was transmitted into China in 1985. Three different HIV epidemics have occurred: low-level, concentrated and now generalized epidemics in China. So far, HIV/AIDS has been reported in all 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in the mainland and there exist three HIV transmission routes (via blood/blood products, sex and mother-to-child transmission). HIV epidemic is now at the risk of critical phrase spreading from high risk population to general population. Currently, the largest group of HIV infection is injecting drug users, with a proportion of 45% in cumulative reported cases in China. Sexually transmitted HIV infections are gradually increasing in recent years, mainly caused by extra-marital unprotected homosexual and heterosexual behaviors, partly by marital sex intercourse. Mother-to-child transmission has been found in high prevalence areas. HIV transmission route due to blood donation has been successfully controlled. The Chin...更多ese government has attached great importance to the control of HIV/AIDS cpidemic, however, in order to get rid of HIV/AIDS will be a very arduous and long way to go.

With the rapid development of nuclear industry, the disposal of highly radioactive waste becomes a major safety and environmental issue, and the deep geological disposal is a generally accepted solution. For the reduction and the anaerobic disposal repository of granite, the suitable canister material is the high-purity copper. This paper reviews the domestic and foreign researches of the electrochemical behavior of the copper corrosion in the high-level waste environment, including the geological environment of the repository, the mechanism and the process of the copper corrosion and the life prediction of the copper canister. This paper provides a theoretical basis for better assessment of the corrosion resistance of the copper and precise prediction of the disposal canister life in the repository environment.

Post-quantum cryptography is a new generation of cryptography technology for defending quantum computer attacks. It is regarded as a reliable alternative to traditional cryptography systems, and relevant international standards are gradually emerging. This paper briefly describes the development of post-quantum cryptography, and analyzes the latest development, mathematical principles and characteristics of current algorithm research. On this basis, the analysis is carried out from the three levels of algorithm, hardware architecture, and specific circuit implementation. Then we indicate key technologies that future research needs to overcome, such as efficient hardware implementation, dynamic reconfigurability, side channel attack defense, and secure SoC integration. Moreover, the low-power post-quantum cryptographic chip, the high-performance post-quantum cryptographic chip and core modules such as hashing, random sampling, operation acceleration and logic processing in the chip are described in detail. Finally, we summarize the application status and research value of the current chip implementation in terms of efficient IP design for core circuits, multi-scenario application compatibility, multiple defense mechanisms, and information infrastructure integration, and cover the future development trend of industrialization and diversification. By studying the post-quantum cryptography algorithm and its key technologies, then exploring efficient chip design and implementation methods, it is conducive to promoting the research on the theory and application of public key cryptosystems against quantum attacks, and provides guarantee for China's information security strategy in the quantum era.

With the depth development and extensive usage of new generation information technologies, internet of things and cloud computing, new smart cities become a new urban form in the information age, which also become an important topic of urban planning, construction, and management. After analyzing the policy environment of the new smart city, the authors elaborated the progress of infrastructure construction of new smart city from the internet communication technology, the remote sensing satellite and navigation technology, big data center, and spatiotemporal information cloud platform. Meanwhile, the achievements of new smart city were discussed with the main application field of the smart government, the"Multi-plan Integration"information platform, the smart urban management, and the smart environmental protection. Then, the authors analyzed the developing trend of new smart city in the era of the artificial intelligence (AI). Finally, the authors put forward the key issues of planning and development of new smart cities, including the top design, the network security, and developing timing.

Precision medicine is defined as an approach to personalized diagnosis and treatment, based on the omics information of patients. Human cancer is a complex and intrinsically heterogeneous disease in which patients may exhibit similar symptoms, and appear to have the same pathological disease, for entirely different genetic reasons. Such heterogeneity results in dramatic variations in response to currently available anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, oncology is one of the best fields for the practice of precision medicine. The availability of omics-based big data, along with rapid development of biotechnology, paves a way for precision medicine. This article describes the concept, foundation and significance of precision medicine, and reviews the recent progresses in methodology development and their clinical application. Then, various current available biotechniques in precision medicine are evaluated and classified into indirect (biomarker-based detection and prediction) and direct (patient-derived cells and tissues for direct anti-cancer drug screening) categories. Finally, perspectives of precision medicine as well as its facing challenge are briefly discussed.

Optical interconnect on printed circuit boards (OPCBs) is a research focus in the field of communication due to its unique advantages of high transmission rate, low power consumption, low cost, no electromagnetic interference, etc. In this article, firstly the schematic diagrams of optical waveguide and the preparation process of OPCBs are introduced in brief. Then, the progresses of the transmission characteristics, coupling method, environmental reliability, system application, etc. about OPCBs are discussed in detail. Finally, the outlook of its development direction is prospected.

With more than twenty years of development, China has become a world leader in the core technologies and industrialization of new energy vehicle（NEV） industry. Therefore, it is a great concern to China to ensure the sustainable development of new energy vehicles (NEVs) for the next ten years. This research aims to explore and uncover the laws of certainty from the uncertainty of NEV market, and to analyze and predict the cyclical and structural trend of NEVs' development over the next ten years in China. The main conclusions are as follows: From now to 2026, the market penetration of the NEV will continue to maintain a rapid growth. The new energy revolution, with NEVs, lithium batteries and photovoltaic cells as its three emerging pillars, will make a breakthrough. By 2030, NEVs will achieve profitability. Based on the development of NEVs, the development of new energy will turn into a new energy revolution. By 2035, the priorities of NEVs and the new energy revolution will change from the technological innovation into social concepts and business models reforms. The paper also discussed the possible challenges, including intensified internal competition, overcapacity, market fluctuations and increased uncertainty, which may impede China's NEVs to enter a new level of development, Meanwhile, it proposed feasible solutions to respond to these challenges and risks.

Noble metal nanomaterials, with the unique characteristics including light stability, strong optical signal, good bio-compatibility and so on, have incomparable advantages over other materials. They have been successfully utilized in various scientific and living areas, with broad application prospects in the area of life science and biological medicine, attracting more and more attention all over the world. This article simply summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of fluorescence imaging, Raman imaging, and the imaging principle of dark field imaging. The dark field imaging detecting scattered light of nanomaterials can eliminate effectively the background interference of sample, which has a lot of incomparable advantages. We review the latest research progress and prospect in biological imaging of noble metal nanomaterials. With the rapid development of nanometer composite technology and the improvement of detection means, noble metal nanomaterials will be brought from fundamental scientific research into practical application. And single molecular spectroscopy and optical microscopic imaging technology has made great progress, which is likely to bring new revolution in biological imaging characterization.

The materials, cell design, manufacturing and BMS technologies of Li-ion batteries are summarized. LiMn₂O₄ is widely used for light EVs and HEVs. It is also commonly used to mix with NCM for improving cell's safety and rate performance. LiFePO₄ shows very high stability and it is suitable for long life and safety batteries for PHEVs and other EVs which need batteries with medium energy density and long cycling life. NCM and NCA have higher specific capacity and they are used for high energy type cells with ceramic coating layers on separator and/or electrodes for improving safety. Graphite is almost the only anode for EV cells and the effort to add Si to carbonaceous anode material is continuing. Liquid electrolyte with higher charge cutting voltage and wide working temperature range is being developed. Small cylinder cells, large size prismatic metal can cells and soft pack cells co-exist for different designs of xEVs. Machines made in China for cell manufacturing grow quickly with improved technologies. Large efforts are still to be made from xEV side and cell side to improve safety and reliability of battery packs. Li-ion battery is the best candidate of electricity storage unit for xEVs at present and in the near future. Its energy density will reach 300 (W·h)/kg at cell level in the near future and will serve the new energy vehicles in the next decade.