The current situation and development trend of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) industry are introduced. In terms of display technology, the main technical proposals of current VR/AR equipment are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of these technical schemes are compared in detail. Aimed at the issues of these technical solutions, the advantages of holographic optical technology are put forward and the role of holographic optical technology in VR/AR industry is clarified. The latest developments of holographic optics in near eye display are investigated. The significance of these achievements for VR/AR industry is addressed. Finally, the challenges faced by holographic optics in VR/AR industry are analyzed. The development trend of VR/AR industry based on holographic optics is also predicted.

This paper analyzes the drawbacks of existing augmented reality devices and introduces the principle of integral imaging 3D display technology. The principles of several optical see-through augmented reality devices and systems based on integral imaging 3D display are reviewed, and the characteristics of the augmented reality technologies including off-axis optics, freeform optics, holographic optical element, and double 4f system are expounded respectively.

Visual-based virtual reality and augmented reality have their own developments, but the fusion development trend of the two is unavoidable in the future. SLAM (simultaneous localization ad mapping) is a major component of the application of virtual reality and augmented reality, but there are still many challenging issues in terms of robustness. This paper proposes a vision-based virtual reality and augmented reality fusion technology, which can analyze and solve the problems such as device selection, tracking, motion interference, and plane recognition in the 3D scene reconstruction process. Finally, the challenging issues in SLAM are discussed.

In recent years virtual reality and augmented reality technologies have developed rapidly, yet the visual comfort, experience and practicality of virtual display still need improvement. How to evaluate and measure the key performance, such as optical performance and image quality of virtual display, is an issue of great concern to the industry. An AR/VR virtual image is different from the traditional display, such as LCD, and the measuring method is also quite different. Based on the imaging mode of virtual display, this paper presents the measurement technology to simulate human eye pupil, vision, angle of view and spectral response. The progress of the international standardization of AR/VR virtual display optical measuring methods is introduced as well in combination with the standardization work by the IEC TC110 WG12 "Eyewear display" working group.

Image quality assessment (IQA) is to measure the perceived image degradation while image aesthetic quality assessment (IAQA) is to automatically give a review of aesthetics of an image. The composition, color, illumination, depth of field, blurness, sharpness, etc. are analyzed by means of computer to analog the aesthetic perception and cognition of human beings. IAQA is a novel interdisciplinary field of computer aesthetics and computer vision, psychology, and virtual reality. IAQA can be used for photography, movie and television, ecommerce, fashion design, graphic design, document typesetting, industry design, automobile industry, architectural design, beauty makeup, etc. In this article, we give a brief history of IAQA. Then we review the methods based on hand-crafted aesthetic feature design, the methods based on deep aesthetic feature learning, new topics in IAQA, and dataset collection for IAQA. Finally, we give the future directions of IAQA.

This paper reviews the features and development of VR technologies and their applications in medical treatments and mental health. It presents a history of discovery and understanding of ASD and the framework of an ASD non drug therapy system. A new treatment based on VR for ASD treatment is then introduced by analyzing the relation between VR and ASD, with various issues for research and development of VR-ASD treatment being discussed. New discoveries,new ideas, and massive experimental experience and skill are surveyed. Future research and development directions are prospected as well.

VR/AR is an emerging science and technology that will change the way of life of the general public andl have a significant impact on the field of popular culture. This paper introduces the supporting technologies of VR/AR in the field of cultural tourism and film and describes its application and innovation in the evolution and integration It also.predicts the VR/AR development trend and its influence on the media culture industry and discusses the future development trend in this field.

From the point of platform equipment and the way of content experience, VR is a kind of brand-new information media of audiovisual interactions. VR production technology and equipment experience have rapidly become popular in recent years, but if developers want their VR content products to get more success on the market, they need to improve their understandings of VR media properties and adopt an effective design method for the content. On the basis of an analysis of three aspects:VR experience behavior characteristics, VR experience of user requirements, and VR application scenarios, the article combs out the relationship between VR panoramic interaction characteristics and content innovation, and emphasizes the guiding role of design thinking in VR content creation.

The principle of 3D-vision generation and the exploration process for human 3D-vision are introduced, and the way of making 3D content is analyzed. With the development of computer vision and artificial intelligence technology, a new transformation technology from 2D to 3D has been proposed and developed. The technology can automatically generate 3D content according to 2D images and the efficiency of 3D transformation has increased by more than 1,000 times without loss of quality. It is pointed out that based on this technology, new applications such as 3D live broadcast and 3D browser can be developed, and it is also expected that the problem of 3D content shortage is completely solved.

The beam transmission system in a particle accelerator is a complex network composed of many electromagnetic focusing units as nodes. The intense current particle beam in the beam transmission network system(BTN) can produce its own special halo chaos, as a unique flower in the complexity science garden. It is an extremely important subject of concern. The complexity, the physical mechanism, the control methods and the practical applications of this special beam-halo in the chaos kingdom are reviewed in this paper.

The structural balance and the status are important issues in social network fields, which can be used to analyze signed social networks with a mixture of positive and negative interactions. In this study firstly three novel random link-mixing null models are proposed. Then the status and structural balance theories of signed social networks are studied based on the random link-mixing null models as well as the random sign-mixing null models. It is shown that, based on null models, not only the accuracy obtained based on both theories can be verified in the study of empirical networks, but also the impacts of the positive and negative edge topologies and the edge signed correlation on the whole network properties can be revealed. Finally, a new framework is proposed to study whether the directed signed networks can be transformed into the undirected signed networks. It is confirmed that the common methods for transforming the directed signed networks into the undirected signed networks are not suitable for studying social network theories, and the potential theory in unsigned directed networks is also studied.

Following a literature review, based on the "profitability" motivation and "social profitability" behavior, this paper studies the user's behavior of SNS. A research questionnaire is designed, the reliability and the validity of the scale are assessed, and the Neural Network is used to analyze the contribution of the users' motivation to the behavior of SNS. It is shown that different motivations have different effects on different behaviors. Various motivations contribute differently to the behaviors and a general tendency is seen as:usefulness > self-presentation > recreation > accessibility > profitability > conformity > sociability. Finally, some recommendations are proposed to run the SNS based on the analysis of the motivation and the users' behavior.

The brain activity sees a functional decline in the aging process. The Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals of young and elderly people are obtained by the decision-making experiment to be used to quantitatively analyze the changes of the brain with age. This paper presents an entropy-based characterization method of the EEG, which can accurately predict the human brain age by the machine learning method. The results show that there is a rich performance with the power spectrum entropy (PSE) in the time-resolution ability and the effect of the accurate differentiation. The distribution of the entropy of the young people in a decision-making process has a greater intensity than that of the elderly. In other words, the amount of information of the brain generated by young people is larger than that of the elderly. In addition, the support vector machine (SVM) is superior to the random forest (RF) method, since the highest average accuracy (ACC) is 88.02% and is 2.66% higher than that of the RF method. It is also found that a great difference is observed in the responses of the decision-making, especially in the left EOG, temporal and central regions of the brain, which can be more easily classified by the classifiers.

In this paper, a duopoly Stackelberg game of output competition is built. The two players adopt different strategies, i.e. with the bounded rationality and with the adaptable expectation, respectively. For the duopoly Stackelberg model, a nonlinear dynamical system is used to analyze the time evolution and Nash equilibrium point are used to study its stability. Numerical simulations show a series of chaotic behaviors. The results demonstrate that a proper delay coefficient enlarges the stable region.

Scientific literature data cover the complete information of papers and authors. Facing the massive scientific literature data, traditional statistical analysis methods cannot fully explore the information hidden behind the data without the help of other analysis methods. The interactions in scientific literature data, such as citation between papers and co-authorship between scientists, allow for the construction of different forms of complex networks (citation networks, collaboration networks, etc.), which can allow us to distinguish the effective information hidden in the scientific literature data based on network analysis. This paper summarizes the complex network forms of scientific literature data and highlights the topological properties, evolution patterns as well as evolution mechanisms of scientific collaboration networks and scientific citation networks. As impact evaluation of papers and scientists has attracted so much attention from researchers for a long time,, we also briefly summarize the related evaluation methods of papers and scientists. From the perspective of complex network, it can also explain many meaningful questions and interesting phenomena in scientific literature data, such as the shift of scientists' research interests and the sleeping beauties. In the future, the method of network analysis must be able to achieve more abundant research results in mining scientific literature data.

Histone methylation, as an important epigenetic modification, plays a critical role in gene expression regulation as well as in the first cell fate determination during pre-implantation development. Low input new-generation sequencing provides us a reliable method to assess genome-wide histone modification reprogramming with high resolution using a very small number of cells. In this article we review the current advances of histone modification dynamics during pre-implantation development obtained through low-input sequencing technologies. Particularly, we highlight the establishment and dynamic of histone H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 modifications during zygotic genome activation and the first lineage differentiation. These advances have shed light on the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation network controlling early development and differentiation.

Immune checkpoint blockade and other cancer immunotherapies have achieved great success in clinic but problems such as low response rate still remain. Cholesterol is a key component of cell membrane, whose cellular metabolism can influence the plasma membrane environment and effector function of T cells. We have found that the anti-tumor immune response of CD8⁺ T cells can be potentiated by modulating cellular cholesterol metabolism. Inhibiting the activity of ACAT1, a key cholesterol esterification enzyme, can upregulate the cholesterol level on CD8⁺ T cell plasma membrane, and significantly enhance the anti-tumor effector function. This finding provides a new method for cancer immunotherapy.

Repair and regeneration of tissues using endogenous stem cells represent an ultimate goal in regenerative medicine. To our knowledge, human lens regeneration has not yet been demonstrated. Currently, the only treatment for cataracts, the leading cause of blindness worldwide, is to extract the cataractous lens and implant an artificial intraocular lens. However, this procedure may pose notable risks of complications. In this paper we isolate lens epithelial stem/progenitor cells (LECs) in mammals and show that Pax6 and Bmi1 are required for LEC renewal. We design a surgical method for removal of cataract that preserves endogenous LECs and achieves functional regeneration of lens in rabbits and macaques, as well as in human infants with cataracts. Our method differs conceptually from the current practice, preserves endogenous LECs and their natural environment maximally, and regenerates lenses with visual function. Our approach demonstrates a novel treatment strategy for cataracts and provides a new paradigm for tissue regeneration using endogenous stem cells.

Vertebrate V(D)J recombination is mediated by RAG proteins and plays a core role in the vertebrate adaptive immune system. Thus, the origin of V(D)J recombination mechanism has always been a hot spot of immunology research. In this study, amphioxus is chosen as the model species, which is called "living fossil" of vertebrate ancestor. Based on in-depth bioinformatics analyses of three amphioxus genomes and systematic functional research, the ProtoRAG transposon encoding RAG homologous proteins is found. Functional experiments show that ProtoRAG is an active transposon encoding original RAG1/2-like protein, which not only mediates the transfer of itself but also catalyzes the V(D)J rearrangement in a way similar to RAGs in vertebrates. Thus, ProtoRAG represents a molecular "living fossil" of the long-sought ancestral RAG transposon. These findings provide direct and compelling evidence that V(D)J recombination evolved subsequent to an ancestral transposon, as proposed by Tonegawa in 1979. The results of this study are published in Cell in June 2016 and were considered to be evidence of G.O.D.'s (Generation Of Diversity) miracle.

Autism is a neurological disease with high public concern in recent years. Methyl-CpG binding protein 2(MeCP2) plays an important role in autism for its importance in transcriptional regulation and microRNA processing. Mutations in MeCP2 gene are found in most of patients with Rett syndrome, duplications of MeCP2-containing genomic segments cause the MeCP2 duplication syndrome, which shares core symptoms with autism spectrum disorders. Although MeCP2 transgenic mice has already been reconstructed, it is still difficult to identify autism-like behaviours in the mouse model of MeCP2 overexpression. In this article we report the lentivirus-based transgenic cynomolgus monkeys expressing human MeCP2 in the brain. Genomic integration sites of the transgenes are characterized by a deepsequencing-based method and expression of the MeCP2 transgene is confirmed by Western blotting. This type of transgenic monkeys exhibits autism-like behaviours in action, social and emotional aspects and shows germline transmission of the transgene. These results indicate the feasibility and reliability of using genetically engineered non-human primates to study brain disorders.

Belonging to Filoviridae family, Ebola virus is a type of enveloped virus that can cause Ebola hemorrhagic fever in humans and primates. Because of its high mortality rate, Ebola virus now is listed as the most virulent pathogens by the World Health Organization. Since it was first found in 1976, Ebola virus has killed tens of thousands of people in Africa, brought great threat to human life and caused enormous economic losses. Therefore, prevention and control of Ebola virus have always been an important part of scientific researches. However, the understanding of Ebola virus is very limited especially in the cell surface receptors and the membrane fusion mechanism, which has hindered antiviral drug design and development. In this paper, we summarize Ebola virus in terms of taxonomy, morphology, viral proteins and viral life cycle, and highlight the achievements made by George Fu Gao's group in the study of molecular basis of Ebola virus entry into host cells. They include the determination of the crystal structures of NPC1-C and its complex with GPcl, which clarifies the recognition mechanism of Ebola virus and its host cell receptor at atomic level. Furthermore, their results reveal the molecular basis of GPcl/NPC1 interactions, thereby shedding light on the mechanism of Ebola virus membrane fusion, which will guide further development of small antiviral molecules and peptides for prevention and/or treatment of Ebola virus infection.

Laser cooling and trapping of atoms may reduce atoms'thermal velocities and manipulate them with quantum technologies, as widely applied in precise measurements. This paper reviews the history of laser cooling and trapping, explains its basic principles, and introduces its applications in Bose-Einstein condensates, atomic clocks and atomic interferometers.

Optogenetics technology refers to transfection of specific genes into neurons and the neural activity can be turned on and off with the light. After ten years of development, optogenetics has become a mature and stable routine biological technology. This review focuses on the history of optogenetics, its development and various newly developed toolboxes. Finally, the application of optogenetics in neuroscience from the subcellular level to the neural network level and the clinical application in the treatment of blindness and analgesia are introduced.

The development history and status of visible light communication technology are introduced. Then two latest achievements are reported. A 500 Mb/s real-time visible light communication system is reported, which, based on bandwidth expanding technology, uses a 1 watt fluorescent type LED as light source and PIN photodiode as detector, reaching a system bit error rate (BER) of 3.48×10^-5 over a 6.2 meters transmission distance. Also reported is a new type of symmetrical 100 Mb/s VLC Ethernet system employing a 1 watt fluorescent type LED and PIN photodiode as devices, too.

Adaptive optics technology plays an increasingly important role in the development of large ground-based optical astronomical telescopes, whereas the 589 nm sodium guiding star laser (SGSL) is the key to this technology. According to different generation ways, this paper reviews dye SGSL, all solid state SGSL and optical fiber SGSL, with emphases on analysis and comparison of all solid state SGSLs operating in different modes in terms of laser generation and photon-return efficiency of laser guide star. Compared with continuous wave SGSL, SGSL operating in microsecond pulse mode can use time gating mechanism to improve the imaging accuracy of sodium guide star, which provides an excellent beacon for adaptive optics correction.

This paper analyzes the organizational management mechanism of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, including the management mode and the investment field. It is suggested to strengthen the government guidance, to pay attention to the top level design of the organization, to employ top project management talents, and promote the transformation of research achievements.

To avoid technological surprise from outside and to create technologicalsurprise against rivals, the US DARPA promotes the emerging science and technology innovations, playing special roles as "science and technology vanguard" in the U.S. national security system. Facing the tides of the new scientific and technological revolutions, the development of science and technology, especially, the technologies of subversive nature, one sees opportunities and challenges with respect to the national security. In view of the science and technology's impacts on the national security, we should foresee the development of the emerging science and technologies, further improve the technology support system for the national security, and makea full use of the science and technology innovation as the dual engine of the economic and social development and the national strategic security.

It is shown that there are many internal and external factors that contribute to the DARPA's success in promoting innovations of the military technology. The U.S has been endeavoring to perfect the innovation systems and adjust the innovation strategies to stay at the top of the technological level. As far as the innovation is concerned, those measures taken by the forces of the United States can provide many enlightenments for other countries.

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has made a remarkable contribution to maintaining the leading technological advantage of the United States. The DARPA has accumulated a rich experience in the process of promoting innovation. This paper first analyzes the successful experience of DARPA's technological innovation, and explores the regularities of technological innovations of subversive nature based on the technological innovation of DARPA, as well as the existing problems. and the challenges facing the technological innovation in the new era. It is pointed out that the experience of the DARPA can be drawn, but not necessarily be duplicated.

The DARPA is the world leader of the national defense Sci & Tech innovations. To deal with the uncertainty, the diversity and the complexity of the innovation, the DARPA adopts such tactics as sticking to the specified innovative positioning of the advanced research, identifying the demands of the defense technology innovation, focusing on themes of innovations related to strategic frontiers, recruiting capable teams of innovation, encouraging various competitions for innovation and promoting the integration of innovation programs.

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is the "technology engine" in leading the scientific and technological innovation of the US military. This paper reviews DARPA's successful experience in promoting scientific and technological innovation, including the representation of DARPA Challenges, and the successful experience of the modes. It is shown that in the DARPA Challenge modes, the full advantage of the technological research and development all over the nation and even the world is taken and great progresses are made. Now it becomes an important way for DARPA to promote the development of scientific and technological innovation, and it attracts extensive attention from other innovation institutions in the United States and other countries.

Based on the SCI-E, this paper makes a data investigation and a quantitative analysis of DARPA funding papers, aiming to provide some useful insight of the success of the DARPA. We analyze the publication trends and the author number trends, the DARPA's preference of choosing funded institutions, the DARPA's funded person's academic influence and research area, and the DARPA's funding area preference. It is shown that the DARPA chooses foreign participants to corporate, not denying to do so only for political reasons. The DARPA chooses most influential researchers to corporate. The DARPA focuses on specific time window to maintain the research innovation. Though the DARPA projects might fail sometimes, the DARPA continues funding these areas to maintain diversity.

Since 2014 when the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency announced the establishment of the Office of Biotechnology (BTO), focusing on the restoration and the enhancement of military capability, the engineering application of biological system and the large-scale application of biological complexity,the number of research projects has increased from 23 to 31. The investment becomes more rational, and the research more focused. On the basis of the literature research, the expert consultation, the comprehensive analysis, the comprehensive inductive reasoning and other methods, this paper analyzes the deployment of biotechnology projects in the years of 2016 and 2017, reviews their characteristics, including the focus on the field of brain machine interfaces,the rapid diagnostic techniques,the countermeasures of biosafety protection,and the biological systems engineering.

This paper shows the necessity of developing the national defense science and technology innovationon based on the new concept of the innovation of the national defense science and technology and the analysis of the cooperative innovation of the national defense science and technology in the world. It is shown that there are four modes of the national defense science and technology innovation, whichare:the cross domain collaborative innovation model based on the network platform, the cooperative innovation model based on the combination of institutions of big capacities, the cooperative innovation model based on the integration of similar scientific research institutions to carry out integrated scientific research, and the cooperative innovation model based on the military and civilian integration.

The US military is at the forefront in the field of the world maritime war theory. In order to advance the study of the development of the maritime war form and the maritime war theory in China, this paper focuses on the Distributed Lethality of the US navy. The relation between the theory and the practice of the distributed destruction and the intelligent war is analyzed to see the objective law of the maritime war and to confirm the historical inevitability of the concept of the Distributed Lethality. It is concluded that the Distributed Lethality is an important factor in the development of the maritime war.

The study of geographical environment characteristics and evolution rules is an important scientific support for recognizing the international geopolitical situation and safeguarding national security. Since 21 century, the rise of frequency and influence of all kinds of geopolitical events causes a serious threat to China's geopolitical safety and implementation of "the Belt and Road Initiative". The occurrence of geopolitical events is the result of interaction of various geo-environmental factors. The analysis of the evolution process of multi-dimensional geopolitical elements is an important basis for simulation and early warning of geo-risk. This paper reviews the origin and historical progress of the research on geo-environment both at home and abroad, systematically combs the main observation means of geo-environmental factors, and sums up application results of big data technology in the field of geo-environment research. Research shows that single geopolitical events have a high degree randomness, but the occurrence of massive events is affected by various geo-environment factors. Based on geo-environment system theory, the paper describes the complex relationship between geographical environment factors by using a large data analysis method, which helps to solve the problem of specific geographical. Finally, the paper suggests that the future geo-environment research should be guided by the geo-environment system theory and uses big data mining and machine learning technology to construct a spatiotemporal simulation and intelligent analysis model of geo-environment.

The border area plays a key role in national security and China's opening to the outside world. In the context of the Belt and Road Initiative and national strategy of opening up, the border area is embracing important development opportunities. The geo-economy serves as an important field of geopolitics. It is helpful to enrich the study of border geography by making use of China's special national conditions and the complex geographical environment of the border. The border is characterized by multi-scale, multi-feature, evolutionary and a variety of perspectives. The border geographical research should focus more on geopolitics, spatial structure and sustainable development of the border, as well as evolution of governance structure. This paper reveals the sustainable development path of border areas, which is different from those of coastal and inland development, enriches the border research in the perspective of geo-economics, as well as provides scientific and technological support for the development of policy making in China's border areas.

The geopolitical environment simulation and prediction platform aims at recognizing the international geopolitical situation and serving "the Belt and Road Initiative". The platform synthesizes 3DWebGIS and WebGL technologies, and integrates multi-scale geopolitical environment factors for geopolitical environment simulation and prediction research. Under the constraints of index system of geopolitical environmental factors and software engineering standards, this paper clarifies the overall architecture scheme of the platform, establishes the database of geopolitical environmental factors, and focuses on geopolitical environmental data management and comprehensive assessment. The platform has formed a system of technical methods of geopolitical environment simulation and prediction, providing a set of visualization and visual analysis means for geopolitical environment research. It is expected that its completion will provide geopolitical environment data support and software platform guarantee for the country's "the Belt and Road Initiative".

Based on the GTD which is one of the international terrorist incident databases, this paper analyzes the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of the Indochina Peninsula terrorist attacks using spatial statistics and kernel density analysis, discusses the transformation characteristics of terrorist attack targets and modes, and introduces the main terrorist group in the peninsula terrorist attacks. It is pointed out that Indochina Peninsula will gradually become one of the key areas that terrorist organizations will attack. The government should take measures to prevent terrorist attacks.

A fast and accurate recognition of risk levels of geopolitical system for the typical regions of "the Belt and Road Initiative" can provide scientific support for the geopolitical strategy. The geopolitical system is not only influenced by climate and geographic environment but also hemmed by nationality, religion, civilization, ideology, political system and development level. Solutions to those problems not only depend on interdisciplinary work but also need cross-border study. Based on the geosystem theory, this paper makes a systematic study of literature, and firstly presents an evaluation index system for geopolitical risks. Then, it provides a machine learning method to evaluate the geopolitical risk levels of South Asia region based on the multiscale and multidata sources global geo-environment database. It is expected to provide a scientific support for the China Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC).